DBMS-SQL And PL/SQL- 2-Basic SQL -SPPU

 SQL:

-SQL stands for Structured Query Language.

-SQL is used to communicate with a database.  

-SQL statements perform different operations on databases like retrieva1, insertion, update, and deletion of data.

- SQL is used in various advanced Relational Database Management Systems (RDBMS). Some common RDBMS that uses SQL is MySQL, Oracle, Microsoft Access, Microsoft SQL Server, Sybase, Ingres, etc.

-SQL is developed by IBM as a part of the System R project in 1970. Initially, it was called a Sequel. 

-SQL was one of the first commercial languages for Edgar F. Codd's relational model. SQL became a standard of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI in 1986, SQL is a declarative language in which the desired result is given without specific details about how to accomplish the task.

Characteristics of SQL

- SQL is an ANSI and ISO standard computer language for creating and manipulating databases.

- SQL allows the user to create, update, delete, and retrieve data from a database.

- The tokens and syntax of SQL are oriented from English common speech to keep the access barrier as small as possible. Hence it is very simple and easy to learn.

- All the keywords of SQL can be expressed in any combination of upper and lower case characters. It makes no difference whether UPDATE, update, Update, UpDate i.e. the keywords 1;1re case insensitive

- SQL is a declarative language, not a procedural one.

- SQL is a very powerful language.

- SQL works with database programs like DB2, Oracle, MS Access, Sybase, MS SQL Server, etc.

Advantages of SQL

There are various advantages of SQL

- High Speed: SQL Queries can be used to retrieve large amounts of records quickly and efficiently

from a database.

-     Portable: SQL can be run on. any platform. Also, it can be executed on PCs,;(tops, servers, and even mobile phones. It runs in local systems, intranet, and the internet. Databases using SQL can be Used with all DBMS systems with any vendor: SQL is used by all the vendorS who develop DBMS.

- No Coding Required: Using standard SQL it is easier to manage database systems without writing a large amount Of code.

- Used for relational databases: SQL is widely used for several relational databases. 

-      Easy to learn and understand: SQL mainly consists of English words and hence it is easy to learn and understand the SQL queries.

- Complete language for a database: SQL is used to create databases and manage the databases in all aspects.

- Dynamic database language: SQL can change the database dynamically at runtime even while the database is being used by users.

- Can be used as a programming and interactive language: SQL can do both the jobs of being a programming and an interactive language simultaneously.

- Client/Server language: SQL can be used in client-server architecture as a mediator between the client application and server database.

- Multiple data views: We can provide different views(presentations) of the contents of a database to different users.

_ Used on the internet: SQL can be used on the internet to access web-related data. ''